diff --git a/src/composables/useReceiveTokenDialog.ts b/src/composables/useReceiveTokenDialog.ts
index 3f53601..8b5ffb2 100644
--- a/src/composables/useReceiveTokenDialog.ts
+++ b/src/composables/useReceiveTokenDialog.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from 'lnurlcash-kit';
 
 import { receiveBearer } from '@/lnurlcash/ops';
-import type { NewBearer } from '@/lnurlcash/types';
+import type { Bearer } from '@/lnurlcash/types';
 import { floorMsatToSat, MSAT_PER_SAT } from '@/lnurlcash/units';
 import { TrustedMintPostCommitError, useWalletStore } from '@/stores/wallet';
 import { useMintsStore } from '@/stores/mints';
@@ -95,18 +95,42 @@ export const useReceiveTokenDialog = (props: ReceiveTokenProps, emit: ReceiveTok
     if (busy.value || value === '') return;
     busy.value = true;
     clearError();
+    let fundOperation: ReturnType<typeof wallet.beginFundOperation> | undefined;
+    let staged: Bearer | undefined;
     try {
-      const ownerFence = wallet.captureOwnerFence();
+      fundOperation = wallet.beginFundOperation();
+      const ownerFence = fundOperation.ownerFence;
+      // the rotate's fresh secret is reserved and its future note staged
+      // before the mutation can land - a crash mid-rotate never loses the
+      // money (wallet recovery reconciles the staged record)
       const claimed = await receiveBearer(value, wallet.bearers, {
         assertOwner: ownerFence,
+        allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) =>
+          wallet.allocateOutputSecrets(server, count, ownerFence),
+        stageRotation: async (note) => {
+          [staged] = await wallet.addBearers([note], ownerFence);
+        },
       });
       const note = claimed.note;
       const server = new URL(note.url).host;
       const wasTrusted = mints.isTrusted(server);
-      const notes: NewBearer[] = claimed.possibleCopy ? [note, claimed.possibleCopy] : [note];
       let trustWarning = '';
       try {
-        await wallet.addBearers(notes, ownerFence);
+        if (claimed.stage === 'finalize') {
+          // the rotate landed: the staged record becomes the confirmed note
+          if (!staged) throw new Error('The rotated note was not staged.');
+          await wallet.finalizeStagedMintOutput(staged.id, note, ownerFence);
+        } else if (claimed.stage === 'discard') {
+          // the rotate provably never landed: drop the worthless stage and
+          // keep the original (exposed - see rotationWarning)
+          if (staged) await wallet.removeNote(staged.id, ownerFence);
+          await wallet.addBearers([note], ownerFence);
+        } else {
+          // 'keep': the staged record is the possible rotated copy; the
+          // original is tracked unverified alongside it. 'none': no rotate
+          // was attempted - the note goes in as received.
+          await wallet.addBearers([note], ownerFence);
+        }
       } catch (error) {
         if (!(error instanceof TrustedMintPostCommitError)) throw error;
         trustWarning = error.message;
@@ -132,8 +156,15 @@ export const useReceiveTokenDialog = (props: ReceiveTokenProps, emit: ReceiveTok
         trustPrompt.openTrust(server, note.mintPubkey);
       }
     } catch (error) {
+      // a definitive failure thrown after staging leaves the staged record
+      // behind - drop it best-effort (wallet recovery restores the original
+      // note from it if this discard itself is impossible right now)
+      if (staged && fundOperation) {
+        await wallet.removeNote(staged.id, fundOperation.ownerFence).catch(() => undefined);
+      }
       classifyError(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
     } finally {
+      fundOperation?.complete();
       busy.value = false;
     }
   };
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.carve.cases.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.carve.cases.ts
index 897fa9f..9f2a30d 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.carve.cases.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.carve.cases.ts
@@ -250,4 +250,57 @@ describe('ensureExactAmount', () => {
     ).rejects.toThrow(/commit failed/)
     expect(instance.state.noteState(secret('14'))).toBe('outstanding')
   })
+
+  it('draws the split outputs from the caller allocation path, exactly two', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const bearer = await makeBearer(instance, secret('80'), 21_000)
+    const allocations: Array<{server: string; count: number}> = []
+    const allocated = [secret('81'), secret('82')]
+
+    const result = await ensureExactAmount([bearer], 5_000, {
+      onCarve: () => undefined,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) => {
+        allocations.push({server, count})
+        return Promise.resolve(allocated.slice(0, count))
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(allocations).toEqual([{server: `127.0.0.1:${instance.port}`, count: 2}])
+    expect(noteK1(result.note.url)).toBe(allocated[0])
+    expect(noteK1(requiredValue(result.change).url)).toBe(allocated[1])
+  })
+
+  it('draws the merge output from the caller allocation path, exactly one', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const first = await makeBearer(instance, secret('83'), 3_000)
+    const second = await makeBearer(instance, secret('84'), 4_000)
+    const allocations: Array<{server: string; count: number}> = []
+    const allocated = [secret('85')]
+
+    const result = await ensureExactAmount([first, second], 7_000, {
+      onCarve: () => undefined,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) => {
+        allocations.push({server, count})
+        return Promise.resolve(allocated.slice(0, count))
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(allocations).toEqual([{server: `127.0.0.1:${instance.port}`, count: 1}])
+    expect(noteK1(result.note.url)).toBe(allocated[0])
+  })
+
+  it('allocates nothing when one note already holds the exact amount', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const bearer = await makeBearer(instance, secret('86'), 21_000)
+    let allocations = 0
+
+    await ensureExactAmount([bearer], 21_000, {
+      allocateOutputSecrets: () => {
+        allocations += 1
+        return Promise.resolve([])
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(allocations).toBe(0)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-named.cases.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-named.cases.ts
index 886f165..16ce2b0 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-named.cases.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-named.cases.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {hashK1, noteK1} from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import {claimMintedNote, prepareMint} from './ops'
 import {requiredValue} from './test-utils'
 import type {Mint} from './ops.testHarness'
-import {mint, persistOutput, settleLastInvoice} from './ops.testHarness'
+import {mint, persistOutput, secret, settleLastInvoice} from './ops.testHarness'
 
 const HEX32 = /^[0-9a-f]{64}$/
 
@@ -65,4 +65,22 @@ describe('mint -> claim, comment-bound output', () => {
     expect(noteK1(claimed.note.url)).toBe(prepared.noteSecret)
     expect(requiredValue(noteK1(claimed.note.url))).toMatch(HEX32)
   })
+
+  it('draws the staged note secret from the caller allocation path', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint({testHooks: true})
+    const allocations: Array<{server: string; count: number}> = []
+    const allocated = [secret('90')]
+
+    const prepared = await prepareMint(`mint@127.0.0.1:${instance.port}`, 21_000, {
+      persistOutput,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) => {
+        allocations.push({server, count})
+        return Promise.resolve(allocated.slice(0, count))
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(allocations).toEqual([{server: `127.0.0.1:${instance.port}`, count: 1}])
+    expect(prepared.noteSecret).toBe(allocated[0])
+    expect(boundInvoice(instance)?.boundTo).toBe(hashK1(requiredValue(allocated[0])))
+  })
 })
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-receive.cases.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-receive.cases.ts
index 6c0635d..5c5b989 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-receive.cases.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.mint-receive.cases.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 
 import {claimMintedNote, prepareMint, receiveBearer} from './ops'
 import {requiredValue} from './test-utils'
+import type {NewBearer} from './types'
 import {
   makeBearer,
   mint,
@@ -40,6 +41,66 @@ describe('mint fee', () => {
 })
 
 describe('receiveBearer', () => {
+  it('stages the rotation output before the rotate can reach the mint', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const senderK1 = secret('94')
+    instance.state.creditNote(senderK1, 21_000)
+    const rotationSecret = secret('95')
+    let staged: NewBearer | undefined
+    const observingFetch: typeof fetch = (input, init) => {
+      const url = typeof input === 'string' ? input : input instanceof URL ? input.href : input.url
+      if (url.includes('/w/cb')) expect(staged).toBeDefined()
+      return fetch(input, init)
+    }
+
+    const received = await receiveBearer(noteUrl(instance, senderK1, 21_000), [], {
+      fetch: observingFetch,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: () => Promise.resolve([rotationSecret]),
+      stageRotation: (note) => {
+        staged = note
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(received.stage).toBe('finalize')
+    expect(received.rotated).toBe(true)
+    expect(noteK1(received.note.url)).toBe(rotationSecret)
+    expect(noteK1(requiredValue(staged).url)).toBe(rotationSecret)
+    expect(requiredValue(staged).verified).toBe(false)
+    expect(requiredValue(staged).pendingMint?.sourceRecoverySecret).toBe(senderK1)
+    expect(instance.state.noteState(senderK1)).toBe('burned')
+    expect(instance.state.noteState(rotationSecret)).toBe('outstanding')
+  })
+
+  it('reports discard when the rotate provably never landed', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const senderK1 = secret('96')
+    instance.state.creditNote(senderK1, 21_000)
+    const rotationSecret = secret('97')
+    let staged: NewBearer | undefined
+    const failingFetch: typeof fetch = (input, init) => {
+      const url = typeof input === 'string' ? input : input instanceof URL ? input.href : input.url
+      if (url.includes('/w/cb')) return Promise.reject(new Error('connection reset'))
+      return fetch(input, init)
+    }
+
+    const received = await receiveBearer(noteUrl(instance, senderK1, 21_000), [], {
+      fetch: failingFetch,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: () => Promise.resolve([rotationSecret]),
+      stageRotation: (note) => {
+        staged = note
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(received.stage).toBe('discard')
+    expect(received.rotated).toBe(false)
+    expect(received.note.verified).toBe(true)
+    expect(received.rotationError).toBeDefined()
+    // nothing landed: both the sender's copy and the would-be output live on
+    expect(instance.state.noteState(senderK1)).toBe('outstanding')
+    expect(instance.state.noteState(rotationSecret)).toBeNull()
+    expect(staged).toBeDefined()
+  })
+
   it("verifies an incoming note and rotates it, burning the sender's copy", async () => {
     const instance = await mint()
     const senderK1 = secret('20')
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.pay.cases.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.pay.cases.ts
index bb770e6..04105ab 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.pay.cases.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.pay.cases.ts
@@ -134,4 +134,45 @@ describe('payWithBearers', () => {
     expect(instance.state.noteState(secret('36'))).toBe('outstanding')
     expect([...instance.state.notes.values()].every((note) => note.state !== 'pending')).toBe(true)
   })
+
+  it('draws the return recovery secret from the caller allocation path', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint({meltAlwaysFails: true})
+    const bearer = await makeBearer(instance, secret('8a'), 21_000)
+    const allocations: Array<{server: string; count: number}> = []
+    const allocated = [secret('8b')]
+    const stagedSecrets: string[] = []
+
+    const result = await payWithBearers([bearer], 'lnbc210n1pjqrstuvwxyz', {
+      poll: {intervalMs: 10, intervalCapMs: 20, maxWaitMs: 300},
+      allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) => {
+        allocations.push({server, count})
+        return Promise.resolve(allocated.slice(0, count))
+      },
+      onReturnReady: (_carve, recoverySecret) => {
+        stagedSecrets.push(recoverySecret)
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(result.outcome).toBe('failed-funds-returned')
+    expect(allocations).toEqual([{server: `127.0.0.1:${instance.port}`, count: 1}])
+    expect(stagedSecrets).toEqual(allocated)
+    expect(noteK1(requiredValue(result.rotatedNote).url)).toBe(allocated[0])
+  })
+
+  it('allocates nothing while the melt settles cleanly', async () => {
+    const instance = await mint()
+    const bearer = await makeBearer(instance, secret('8c'), 21_000)
+    let allocations = 0
+
+    const result = await payWithBearers([bearer], 'lnbc210n1pjqrstuvwxyz', {
+      poll: {intervalMs: 10, intervalCapMs: 50, maxWaitMs: 5_000},
+      allocateOutputSecrets: () => {
+        allocations += 1
+        return Promise.resolve([])
+      },
+    })
+
+    expect(result.outcome).toBe('settled')
+    expect(allocations).toBe(0)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.testHarness.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.testHarness.ts
index 2b4c281..4796a79 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.testHarness.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.testHarness.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,24 @@ export const secret = (seed: string): string =>
 
 export const persistOutput = async (): Promise<void> => undefined
 
+// deterministic stand-in for the wallet's BIP-32 allocation path: answers
+// every reservation with fresh unique secrets, never reusing one
+let allocatedSecretCounter = 0
+export const allocateOutputSecrets = (
+  _server: string,
+  count: number,
+): Promise<readonly string[]> => {
+  const secrets = Array.from({length: count}, () => {
+    allocatedSecretCounter += 1
+    return secret(`allocated-${allocatedSecretCounter.toString(16)}`)
+  })
+  return Promise.resolve(secrets)
+}
+
+// the receive-rotation staging checkpoint - engine tests keep no wallet,
+// so staging is a recorded no-op for them
+export const stageRotation = async (): Promise<void> => undefined
+
 // the trusted signing keys a production caller would serve from the
 // trusted-mint registry: the mock mint's current key plus any it retired
 export const signatureKeysFor =
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.transfer.cases.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.transfer.cases.ts
index 7f70578..2c944c6 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.transfer.cases.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.transfer.cases.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,40 @@ const transferBetweenMints = (
 describe('transferBetweenMints', () => {
   const fastPoll = {intervalMs: 10, intervalCapMs: 50, maxWaitMs: 5_000}
 
+  it('draws the target and source secrets from the caller allocation path', async () => {
+    const source = await mint()
+    const target = await mint({testHooks: true})
+    const bearer = await makeBearer(source, secret('91'), 21_000)
+    const targetSecret = secret('92')
+    const sourceRecoverySecret = secret('93')
+    const allocations: Array<{server: string; count: number}> = []
+    const meltReadiness: string[] = []
+
+    const pending = transferBetweenMints([bearer], 21_000, `mint@127.0.0.1:${target.port}`, {
+      poll: fastPoll,
+      allocateOutputSecrets: (server, count) => {
+        allocations.push({server, count})
+        const secrets = allocations.length === 1 ? [targetSecret] : [sourceRecoverySecret]
+        return Promise.resolve(secrets.slice(0, count))
+      },
+      onMeltReady: (_carve, recovery) => {
+        meltReadiness.push(recovery)
+      },
+    })
+    await settleWhenRequested(target)
+    const result = await pending
+
+    expect(result.outcome).toBe('settled')
+    // the staged target note first, then the source recovery secret - an
+    // exact source carve allocates nothing
+    expect(allocations).toEqual([
+      {server: `127.0.0.1:${target.port}`, count: 1},
+      {server: `127.0.0.1:${source.port}`, count: 1},
+    ])
+    expect(meltReadiness).toEqual([sourceRecoverySecret])
+    expect(noteK1(requiredValue(result.mintedAtTarget).note.url)).toBe(targetSecret)
+  })
+
   it('moves value to another mint at a wallet-chosen target secret', async () => {
     const source = await mint()
     const target = await mint({testHooks: true})
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops.ts
index bc2efe9..eaa2d83 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops.ts
@@ -27,12 +27,14 @@
 
 export {UncertainOutcomeError} from './ops/shared'
 export type {FundOperationOptions, PollOptions} from './ops/shared'
+export {OutputSecretAllocationRequiredError} from './ops/allocation'
+export type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './ops/allocation'
 export {
   CarveCheckpointRequiredError,
   ensureExactAmount,
   UnsupportedMultiBatchMergeError,
 } from './ops/carve'
-export type {CarveResult} from './ops/carve'
+export type {CarveOptions, CarveResult} from './ops/carve'
 export {
   MintedNoteSpentError,
   prepareMint,
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ export type {
   StagedMintRecovery,
 } from './ops/mint'
 export {receiveBearer} from './ops/receiveBearer'
+export type {ReceiveBearerOptions, ReceivedNote} from './ops/receiveBearer'
 export {payWithBearers} from './ops/pay'
 export type {PayOutcome, PayResult, PayOptions} from './ops/pay'
 export {recoverPendingTransferSource, transferBetweenMints} from './ops/transfer'
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/allocation.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/allocation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ca95bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/allocation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Output-secret allocation: a mint-touching operation never invents the
+// secrets its outputs will live at. It asks the caller's durable allocation
+// path (the wallet's BIP-32 counter reservation, see
+// stores/walletFunds.ts) for exactly the secrets it is about to stage, at
+// the moment the target server is known - before any hash of them can
+// reach a mint. The reservation commit (counter bump plus encrypted
+// journal record) is what makes a crash between staging and wire safe:
+// indices may be burned, never reused, and the staged secrets are
+// recoverable from the funds document.
+//
+// The ops layer stays framework-free: this is just the option type and the
+// point-of-use requirement. Tests inject deterministic allocators;
+// production callers serve reserveCashIndices-backed secrets.
+
+export type OutputSecretAllocator = (server: string, count: number) => Promise<readonly string[]>
+
+export class OutputSecretAllocationRequiredError extends Error {
+  override readonly name = 'OutputSecretAllocationRequiredError'
+
+  constructor() {
+    super('This operation requires durably allocated output secrets.')
+  }
+}
+
+// The one place secrets enter an operation: exactly `count` fresh secrets
+// for `server`, or a rejection before anything is staged or sent. A
+// short/long/wrong-shaped answer is a caller bug - fail the operation
+// rather than stage a note at an unmappable secret.
+export const requireOutputSecrets = async (
+  allocate: OutputSecretAllocator | undefined,
+  server: string,
+  count: number,
+): Promise<readonly string[]> => {
+  if (!allocate) throw new OutputSecretAllocationRequiredError()
+  const secrets = await allocate(server, count)
+  if (
+    secrets.length !== count ||
+    secrets.some((secret) => typeof secret !== 'string' || !/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/.test(secret))
+  ) {
+    throw new Error('The output secret allocation did not match the request.')
+  }
+  return secrets
+}
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/carve.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/carve.ts
index 3c107c9..9cfee6f 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops/carve.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/carve.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import {
   withNewK1,
 } from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {Bearer, NewBearer} from '../types'
+import type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './allocation'
+import {requireOutputSecrets} from './allocation'
 import {mergeAmbiguitySafe} from './carveRecovery'
 import type {FundOperationOptions} from './shared'
 import {
@@ -59,6 +61,15 @@ export class CarveCheckpointRequiredError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
+export type CarveOptions = FundOperationOptions & {
+  // the caller's durable allocation path for the carve's output secrets
+  // (split: target + change; merge: the combined note). When present the
+  // secrets come from the wallet's reserved BIP-32 indices; when absent the
+  // carve falls back to random secrets (legacy callers only - production
+  // always allocates).
+  readonly allocateOutputSecrets?: OutputSecretAllocator
+}
+
 // Selection: only notes that can actually take part - verified (callback
 // known), not locally spent, holding a real k1 (device-backed mirrors are
 // excluded; the ops engine cannot mutate a secret it doesn't hold). Notes
@@ -77,7 +88,7 @@ export class CarveCheckpointRequiredError extends Error {
 export const ensureExactAmount = async (
   bearers: Bearer[],
   amountMsat: number,
-  options: FundOperationOptions = {},
+  options: CarveOptions = {},
 ): Promise<CarveResult> => {
   if (!Number.isInteger(amountMsat) || amountMsat <= 0) {
     throw new Error('Amount must be a positive whole number of msat.')
@@ -141,7 +152,9 @@ export const ensureExactAmount = async (
     if (mergeBatches(base.callback, k1s).length !== 1) {
       throw new UnsupportedMultiBatchMergeError()
     }
-    const mergeSecret = (options.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()
+    const [mergeSecret] = options.allocateOutputSecrets
+      ? await requireOutputSecrets(options.allocateOutputSecrets, serverOf(base.url), 1)
+      : [(options.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()]
     const staged: NewBearer = {
       url: withNewK1(base.url, mergeSecret, total),
       callback: base.callback,
@@ -177,8 +190,9 @@ export const ensureExactAmount = async (
   // split path: total above target - one split request across all picked
   // k1s, carving the target off and leaving the change as a fresh note
   const randomSecret = options.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret
-  const partK1 = randomSecret()
-  const changeK1 = randomSecret()
+  const [partK1, changeK1] = options.allocateOutputSecrets
+    ? await requireOutputSecrets(options.allocateOutputSecrets, serverOf(base.url), 2)
+    : [randomSecret(), randomSecret()]
   let partSignature: string | undefined
   let changeSignature: string | undefined
   const stagedNote: NewBearer = {
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/mint.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/mint.ts
index 4869b0c..6d9c245 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops/mint.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/mint.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ import {
 import type {MintAddressInfo, MintClaim} from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {Bearer, NewBearer} from '../types'
 import {ceilMsatToSat} from '../units'
+import type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './allocation'
+import {requireOutputSecrets} from './allocation'
 import type {PollOptions} from './shared'
 import type {FundOperationOptions} from './shared'
 import {assertFundOwner, pollUntil, withMutationSafety} from './shared'
@@ -54,6 +56,11 @@ export type PrepareMintOptions = FundOperationOptions & {
     readonly grossMsat: number
     readonly server: string
   }) => void | Promise<void>
+  // the caller's durable allocation path for the staged note's secret.
+  // When present the secret comes from the wallet's reserved BIP-32
+  // indices; when absent a random secret is generated (legacy callers
+  // only - production always allocates).
+  readonly allocateOutputSecrets?: OutputSecretAllocator
 }
 
 // Resolve a mint (Lightning Address, bare domain, bech32 LNURL), discover
@@ -101,7 +108,9 @@ export const prepareMint = async (
   }
   const server = serverOf(payUrl)
   await beforePersist?.({grossMsat, server})
-  const noteSecret = (kitOptions.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()
+  const [noteSecret] = options.allocateOutputSecrets
+    ? await requireOutputSecrets(options.allocateOutputSecrets, server, 1)
+    : [(kitOptions.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()]
   const mintPubkey = nodeInfo ? nodeInfo.mintPubkey : info.mintPubkey
   const staged: NewBearer = {
     url: buildNoteUrl(info.withdrawLink, noteSecret, amountMsat),
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/pay.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/pay.ts
index 2b67feb..64af71c 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops/pay.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/pay.ts
@@ -17,14 +17,17 @@ import {
   resolveLnurlInput,
   rotateNote,
   sameInvoice,
+  serverOf,
   withNewK1,
 } from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {LnurlcashOptions, MeltResult} from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {Bearer, NewBearer} from '../types'
+import type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './allocation'
+import {requireOutputSecrets} from './allocation'
 import type {CarveResult} from './carve'
 import {ensureExactAmount} from './carve'
 import type {PollOptions} from './shared'
-import type {FundOperationOptions} from './shared'
+import type {FundOperationOptions, MintSignatureKeys} from './shared'
 import {assertFundOwner, pollVerifyUntilSettled, withMutationSafety} from './shared'
 
 export type PayOutcome =
@@ -59,6 +62,14 @@ export type PayOptions = {
   // so an abort mid-wait never strands the carve (see
   // FundOperationOptions.onCarve)
   onCarve?: FundOperationOptions['onCarve']
+  // the caller's durable allocation path: the carve's output secrets and -
+  // only when the return classification actually needs one - the recovery
+  // secret. When absent, secrets fall back to random generation (legacy
+  // callers only - production always allocates).
+  allocateOutputSecrets?: OutputSecretAllocator
+  // trusted signing keys the carve's landed outputs verify against (see
+  // FundOperationOptions.mintSignatureKeys)
+  mintSignatureKeys?: MintSignatureKeys
   // Called before the classification rotate puts its chosen output secret
   // on the wire. Production callers durably link it to the carved source.
   onReturnReady?: (carve: CarveResult, recoverySecret: string) => void | Promise<void>
@@ -77,7 +88,7 @@ export type PayOptions = {
 export const payWithBearers = async (
   bearers: Bearer[],
   input: string,
-  {amountMsat, poll = {}, kit = {}, assertOwner, onCarve, onReturnReady}: PayOptions = {},
+  {amountMsat, poll = {}, kit = {}, assertOwner, onCarve, allocateOutputSecrets, mintSignatureKeys, onReturnReady}: PayOptions = {},
 ): Promise<PayResult> => {
   // the forced mutation policy (see shared.ts) covers the carve, the melt,
   // and the classification rotate regardless of caller kit options
@@ -85,6 +96,7 @@ export const payWithBearers = async (
     ...kit,
     ...(assertOwner ? {assertOwner} : {}),
     ...(onCarve ? {onCarve} : {}),
+    ...(mintSignatureKeys ? {mintSignatureKeys} : {}),
   })
   let invoice: string
   let amount: number
@@ -118,7 +130,10 @@ export const payWithBearers = async (
     amount = amountMsat
   }
 
-  const carve = await ensureExactAmount(bearers, amount, options)
+  const carve = await ensureExactAmount(bearers, amount, {
+    ...options,
+    ...(allocateOutputSecrets ? {allocateOutputSecrets} : {}),
+  })
   const k1 = requireNoteK1(carve.note.url)
   if (carve.consumed.length === 0) assertFundOwner(options)
   let melt: MeltResult
@@ -159,7 +174,9 @@ export const payWithBearers = async (
     // The verify budget ran out. Journal the exact output secret before the
     // classification rotate reaches the mint, so a crash can recover either
     // the returned source or the rotated replacement.
-    const recoverySecret = kit.randomSecret?.() ?? defaultRandomSecret()
+    const [recoverySecret] = allocateOutputSecrets
+      ? await requireOutputSecrets(allocateOutputSecrets, serverOf(carve.note.url), 1)
+      : [(kit.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()]
     await onReturnReady?.(carve, recoverySecret)
     try {
       const rotated = await rotateNote(carve.note.callback, k1, {
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/receiveBearer.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/receiveBearer.ts
index 298aa38..3d9a9d9 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops/receiveBearer.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/receiveBearer.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,16 @@
 // bech32, lnurlw://), verify it with the issuing service, then rotate
 // immediately, since the previous holder (and anything that logged the URL
 // in transit) still knows the old secret.
+//
+// Durability contract: when the caller stages (options.stageRotation), the
+// rotate's fresh secret comes from the caller's reservation path and the
+// future rotated note is persisted BEFORE the rotate can land - a crash
+// after the mint burned the sender's copy then never loses the only secret
+// the money answers to. The staged record carries the original k1 as its
+// pendingMint.sourceRecoverySecret so wallet recovery can restore the
+// received note when the rotate provably never landed. A caller that
+// stages MUST allocate; the legacy no-staging path (random secret, no
+// checkpoint) remains only for engine tests.
 
 import {
   AmbiguousMutationError,
@@ -11,32 +21,92 @@ import {
   PendingNoteError,
   newSecretsOf,
   probeBurnedNote,
+  requireNoteK1,
+  serverOf,
   withNewK1,
 } from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {Bearer, NewBearer} from '../types'
 import {receiveNote, secureReceivedNote} from '../receive'
-import type {ClaimedNote} from './mint'
+import type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './allocation'
+import {requireOutputSecrets} from './allocation'
 import type {FundOperationOptions} from './shared'
 import {assertFundOwner, probeMutationOutput, withMutationSafety} from './shared'
 
+export type ReceiveBearerOptions = FundOperationOptions & {
+  // the caller's durable allocation path for the rotation's fresh secret -
+  // required when stageRotation is present
+  readonly allocateOutputSecrets?: OutputSecretAllocator
+  // durably persist the future rotated note (unverified, pendingMint
+  // carrying the original k1 as sourceRecoverySecret) before the rotate
+  // reaches the mint. The record's fate is decided by the result's
+  // `stage` disposition.
+  readonly stageRotation?: (staged: NewBearer) => void | Promise<void>
+}
+
+export type ReceivedNote = {
+  readonly note: NewBearer
+  readonly rotated: boolean
+  readonly rotationError?: string
+  // how the caller disposes the staged rotation output:
+  // - 'finalize': the rotate landed - replace the staged record with `note`
+  // - 'keep': the outcome is genuinely ambiguous - the staged record IS
+  //   the possible rotated copy, kept unverified alongside `note` (the
+  //   original, demoted to unverified since its copy may be burned)
+  // - 'discard': the rotate provably never landed - drop the staged
+  //   record; `note` is the original, still verified as received
+  // - 'none': no rotate was attempted or nothing was staged (unverifiable
+  //   note, or the legacy no-staging path)
+  readonly stage: 'finalize' | 'keep' | 'discard' | 'none'
+}
+
 // NoteSpentError / NoteUnknownError / PendingNoteError from the service are
 // definitive and propagate; an unreachable service still yields the note,
 // unverified, at the sender's declared amount.
 export const receiveBearer = async (
   input: string,
   existing: Bearer[],
-  options: FundOperationOptions = {},
-): Promise<ClaimedNote> => {
+  options: ReceiveBearerOptions = {},
+): Promise<ReceivedNote> => {
   // the forced mutation policy (see shared.ts) covers the rotate below
   const mutationOptions = withMutationSafety(options)
   const note = await receiveNote(input, existing)
   if (!note.verified || !note.callback) {
-    return {note, rotated: false}
+    return {note, rotated: false, stage: 'none'}
+  }
+  // staging without allocation is a caller bug: the staged record would
+  // hold a secret no reservation can account for
+  const staging = options.stageRotation
+  const [rotationSecret] = staging
+    ? await requireOutputSecrets(options.allocateOutputSecrets, serverOf(note.url), 1)
+    : []
+  // the rotate burns the sender's secret at a fresh one: stage that future
+  // note durably before the mutation can land, or a crash strands the money
+  if (staging && rotationSecret) {
+    const staged: NewBearer = {
+      url: withNewK1(note.url, rotationSecret, note.amount),
+      callback: note.callback,
+      amount: note.amount,
+      verified: false,
+      pendingMint: {
+        sourceRecoverySecret: requireNoteK1(note.url),
+        ...(note.mintPubkey ? {mintPubkey: note.mintPubkey} : {}),
+      },
+    }
+    await staging(staged)
+  }
+  const rotateOptions = rotationSecret
+    ? {...mutationOptions, randomSecret: () => rotationSecret}
+    : mutationOptions
+  // the disposition the caller applies to its staged record
+  const disposition = (rotated: boolean, ambiguous: boolean): ReceivedNote['stage'] => {
+    if (!staging) return 'none'
+    if (rotated) return 'finalize'
+    return ambiguous ? 'keep' : 'discard'
   }
   try {
     assertFundOwner(options)
-    const rotatedUrl = await secureReceivedNote(note, mutationOptions)
-    return {note: {...note, url: rotatedUrl}, rotated: true}
+    const rotatedUrl = await secureReceivedNote(note, rotateOptions)
+    return {note: {...note, url: rotatedUrl}, rotated: true, stage: disposition(true, false)}
   } catch (err) {
     // A classified rotate refusal can still be a LANDED rotate: the
     // callback is a GET and HTTP stacks retry GETs, so the service may
@@ -51,21 +121,16 @@ export const receiveBearer = async (
         return {
           note: {...note, url: withNewK1(note.url, carried[0], note.amount)},
           rotated: true,
+          stage: disposition(true, false),
         }
       }
       if (outcome === 'unknown') {
-        const possibleCopy: NewBearer = {
-          url: withNewK1(note.url, carried[0], note.amount),
-          callback: note.callback,
-          amount: note.amount,
-          verified: false,
-        }
-        if (note.mintPubkey) possibleCopy.mintPubkey = note.mintPubkey
         return {
-          // the sender's copy may be burned - it cannot stay verified
+          // the sender's copy may be burned - it cannot stay verified; the
+          // staged record is the possible rotated copy
           note: {...note, verified: false},
           rotated: false,
-          possibleCopy,
+          stage: disposition(false, true),
           rotationError: `${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)} The refusal may have named a retry of a rotation that already landed - the possible rotated copy is tracked unverified alongside this one.`,
         }
       }
@@ -91,30 +156,26 @@ export const receiveBearer = async (
             url: withNewK1(note.url, err.newSecrets[0], note.amount),
           },
           rotated: true,
+          stage: disposition(true, false),
         }
       }
       if (outcome === 'unknown') {
-        const possibleCopy: NewBearer = {
-          url: withNewK1(note.url, err.newSecrets[0], note.amount),
-          callback: note.callback,
-          amount: note.amount,
-          verified: false,
-        }
-        if (note.mintPubkey) possibleCopy.mintPubkey = note.mintPubkey
         return {
           note,
           rotated: false,
-          possibleCopy,
+          stage: disposition(false, true),
           rotationError: `${err.message} The rotation may still have gone through - the possible rotated copy is tracked unverified alongside this one.`,
         }
       }
     }
     // a failed rotate never fails the receive - the note is money as it
-    // is; the caller warns that it must be treated as exposed
+    // is; the caller warns that it must be treated as exposed. The rotate
+    // provably never landed, so the staged record is worthless.
     return {
       note,
       rotated: false,
       rotationError: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      stage: disposition(false, false),
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lnurlcash/ops/transfer.ts b/src/lnurlcash/ops/transfer.ts
index cc910b6..1628ae0 100644
--- a/src/lnurlcash/ops/transfer.ts
+++ b/src/lnurlcash/ops/transfer.ts
@@ -29,12 +29,14 @@ import {
 } from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {LnurlcashOptions} from 'lnurlcash-kit'
 import type {Bearer, NewBearer} from '../types'
+import type {OutputSecretAllocator} from './allocation'
+import {requireOutputSecrets} from './allocation'
 import type {CarveResult} from './carve'
 import {ensureExactAmount} from './carve'
 import type {ClaimedNote, PreparedMint, PrepareMintOptions} from './mint'
 import {MintedNoteSpentError, claimFromSecret, prepareMint} from './mint'
 import type {PollOptions} from './shared'
-import type {FundOperationOptions} from './shared'
+import type {FundOperationOptions, MintSignatureKeys} from './shared'
 import {assertFundOwner, withMutationSafety} from './shared'
 
 export type TransferOutcome =
@@ -116,11 +118,18 @@ export type TransferOptions = {
   kit?: LnurlcashOptions
   assertOwner?: () => void
   // carve checkpoint - committed before the melt and the target
-  // settlement wait, so an abort mid-wait never strands the carve (see
+  // settlement wait, so an abort mid-wait can never strand the carve (see
   // FundOperationOptions.onCarve)
   onCarve?: FundOperationOptions['onCarve']
   // persists the target note before its hash reaches the invoice callback
   persistOutput: PrepareMintOptions['persistOutput']
+  // the caller's durable allocation path: the staged target note's secret,
+  // the source carve's outputs, and the source recovery secret. When
+  // absent, secrets fall back to random generation (legacy callers only -
+  // production always allocates).
+  allocateOutputSecrets?: OutputSecretAllocator
+  // trusted signing keys the source carve's landed outputs verify against
+  mintSignatureKeys?: MintSignatureKeys
   // Last durable checkpoint before the source melt can become irreversible.
   onMeltReady?: (carve: CarveResult, sourceRecoverySecret: string) => void | Promise<void>
 }
@@ -219,12 +228,13 @@ export const transferBetweenMints = async (
   bearers: Bearer[],
   amountMsat: number,
   targetMint: string,
-  {poll = {}, kit = {}, assertOwner, onCarve, persistOutput, onMeltReady}: TransferOptions,
+  {poll = {}, kit = {}, assertOwner, onCarve, persistOutput, allocateOutputSecrets, mintSignatureKeys, onMeltReady}: TransferOptions,
 ): Promise<TransferResult> => {
   const options: FundOperationOptions = withMutationSafety({
     ...kit,
     ...(assertOwner ? {assertOwner} : {}),
     ...(onCarve ? {onCarve} : {}),
+    ...(mintSignatureKeys ? {mintSignatureKeys} : {}),
   })
   if (!Number.isInteger(amountMsat) || amountMsat <= 0) {
     throw new Error('Amount must be a positive whole number of msat.')
@@ -235,6 +245,7 @@ export const transferBetweenMints = async (
   const prepared = await prepareMint(targetMint, amountMsat, {
     ...options,
     persistOutput,
+    ...(allocateOutputSecrets ? {allocateOutputSecrets} : {}),
     beforePersist: ({grossMsat, server}) => {
       transferSources(bearers, server, grossMsat)
     },
@@ -253,7 +264,10 @@ export const transferBetweenMints = async (
   }
   // carving burns its inputs server-side, so it happens only once the
   // target is known good and the invoice exists
-  const carve = await ensureExactAmount(offTarget, prepared.grossMsat, options)
+  const carve = await ensureExactAmount(offTarget, prepared.grossMsat, {
+    ...options,
+    ...(allocateOutputSecrets ? {allocateOutputSecrets} : {}),
+  })
   const sourceServer = serverOf(carve.note.url)
   const invoice = prepared.invoice
   const claimMaterial: TransferClaimMaterial = {
@@ -267,7 +281,9 @@ export const transferBetweenMints = async (
   // flow never throws again; every outcome carries them
   const base = {carve, quote, invoice, verifyUrl, sourceServer, targetServer}
   const k1 = requireNoteK1(carve.note.url)
-  const sourceRecoverySecret = (kit.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()
+  const [sourceRecoverySecret] = allocateOutputSecrets
+    ? await requireOutputSecrets(allocateOutputSecrets, serverOf(carve.note.url), 1)
+    : [(kit.randomSecret ?? defaultRandomSecret)()]
   if (carve.consumed.length === 0) assertFundOwner(options)
   await onMeltReady?.(carve, sourceRecoverySecret)
   assertFundOwner(options)